Extension: Surgery (2007) 15 Marks

[Mr Humphreys]

Why have attitudes towards surgery and surgeons changed so much since 1850? Explain your answer.

You could include the following in your answer, and any other information of your own.

• Barbers still acted as surgeons in the nineteenth century
• In 1847 J. R. Liston used ether when amputating a leg
• Dr Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant operation in 1967

Total 15 Marks

[Mr Humphreys]

4. Why have attitudes towards surgery and surgeons changed so much since
1850? Explain your answer.
( Total: 15 marks )
You could include the following in your answer and any other information of your own.
• Barbers often acted as surgeons until the nineteenth century
• In 1847 J. R. Liston used ether when amputating a leg
• Dr Christian Barnard performed the first heart transplant operation in 1967
Note – do not credit simple copying of stimulus material without elaboration.

Target: Recall, understanding of key features; analysis of change & consequence (AO1 15)
Level 1 Simple statement supported by some knowledge; eg surgery was seen as a last resort; surgeons now are highly skilled and save people’s lives. Spells, punctuates & uses rules of grammar with some accuracy; uses a limited range
of specialist terms appropriately.
(1-4)
Level 2 Developed statement supported by relevant knowledge; eg describes the problems of pre-20th century operations or describes successes of 20th century operations. Spells, punctuates and uses the rules of grammar with general accuracy; uses a range of specialist terms with facility.
(5-8 )
Level 3 Analysis of changes in surgery supported by appropriately selected knowledge; eg shows how developments in surgery led to higher success rate/more complicated operations; Spells, punctuates and uses the rules of grammar with considerable accuracy; shows some variety of expression; uses a broad range of specialist terms with facility.
(9-12)
Level 4 Sustained analysis of changing attitudes towards surgery supported by precisely selected knowledge to explain both low status pre 20th century and high status now, eg shows how the problems of pre-20th century surgery/lack of training led to low status and increased scientific knowledge and technological equipment has increased success of operations/ specialist training has raised status of surgeons. Spells, punctuates and uses the rules of grammar with considerable accuracy; deploys a range of grammatical constructions with some sense of style; uses a broad range of specialist terms adeptly & with precision
(13-15)